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In the northern hemisphere, the typical influenza season starts as early as October and can last until May, affecting individuals in all age groups, with the highest rates of infection among children. The highest rates of serious morbidity and mortality occur in individuals age 65 and older and those with chronic medical conditions who are at risk for complications. Influenza infection is caused by influenza viruses, which spread easily from person to person via coughing, sneezing, nasal secretions, or even talking. Large particle droplets can travel up to six feet and transmission can also occur via contact with infectious particles on a contaminated surface or object.
While viral culture is the gold standard for confirming influenza infection and can distinguish between influenza A and B, diagnosis is often based on clinical presentation, especially when influenza viruses are circulating in the community. Testing for influenza is recommended when a patient is being admitted to the hospital or when results would influence management. Depending on the type of diagnostic test used, the source of the specimen and the timeframe for expected results varies.
Treatment for influenza is often symptomatic and includes rest, analgesics, hydration, and proper nutrition. Early antiviral treatment may shorten the duration of fever and other symptoms, and may reduce the risk of complications. Antiviral treatment is recommended within 48 hours of symptom onset for anyone who is hospitalized; anyone with severe, complicated, or progressive illness; and anyone at high risk for complications, including young children, adults aged 65 years and older, pregnant women, and people with certain chronic medical conditions.
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